This usage of "Maccabees" as a group-term may have originated in Greek, as no usage of it in Hebrew to refer to the rebels survives from any era earlier than the 19th century.[10]. Later Jewish leaders thought poorly of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty for several reasons, and a document so openly celebratory of them was problematic. 3 And they laid hands on them, and put them in hold unto the next day: for it was now eventide. 504 Pages, 6.12 x 9.25 in, 2 b-w illus. Uriel Rappaport calls it emblematic of Hasmonean politics in general: that the Hasmonean state was an explicitly Jewish one that sought to separate itself from polytheism, yet was pragmatic and sought allies where they could be found.[9]. "[45][46] Even if "heaven" is merely shorthand for "God in heaven", 1 Maccabees is remarkably secular in its depiction of the conflict. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension . They will not sin in order to save their lives. VERSE 9. Others, like Mattathias, fought to remain faithful to the Law. As we know, those who have left this world and enjoy the beatific vision, in the same act of charity in which they love God, are also praying for their brothers, who are members of the Church like themselves. In Chapter 2, there is a line from a dying Mattathias who tells his sons to always listen to Simon and that "he shall be your father", seemingly praising him even over Judas. The Greek text is extant in two of the three oldest codices of the Greek Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus. VERSE 2. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Maccabees then ruled over Israel, first as High Priests and then as High Priests and Princes of Israel. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. Ptolemy supposedly threatened the Jews with loss of citizenship after Palestinian Jews refused to permit him to enter the sanctuary of the Temple of Jerusalem. Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. And at the doors of the houses and in the streets they burned incense. Some Jews went along with the changes. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. And they led captive the women and the children, and the cattle they took in possession. It also uses anachronistic terms at times to make explicit parallels between the exploits of the Hasmoneans and earlier Jewish heroes; for example, it refers to the coastal region of Palestine as the land of the Philistines, despite the Philistines no longer being a relevant cultural grouping in the era. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). All this shows that these inspired books are well worth prayerful reading, particularly the second, which provides us with many edifying examples especially the humility which leads its protagonists to trust in God, their fortitude in defending their faith, their patience in dealing with obstacles to observance of the Law, and their deep piety, as shown in their prayer for their dead comrades. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem fled because of them; and she became a habitation of strangers, and she became strange to those who were born in her, and her children forsook her. [20], The Jerusalem Bible divides the book into five sections:[24], The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. Friend. (He had previously become king of Greece.) 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. The author is unknown. VERSE 46. and pollute the sanctuary and those who were holy; VERSE 47. that they should build altars, and temples, and shrines for idols, and should sacrifice swines flesh and unclean beasts: VERSE 48. and that they should leave their sons uncircumcised, that they should make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness and profanation; VERSE 49. so that they might forget the law, and change all the ordinances. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Books of Machabees. And the land was moved for the inhabitants thereof, and all the house of Jacob was clothed with shame. The author is anonymous, but he probably wrote in the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom after the success of the Maccabean Revolt in the late 2nd century BC. [23] Various historical documents are included as well, notably of negotiations and letters with the Roman Republic and Hellenistic Sparta. By the end of the war, Simon was the only one of the five sons of Mattathias to survive and he ushered in an 80-year period of Jewish . The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. And they got possession of the strong cities in the land of Egypt; and he took the spoils of Egypt. Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. Read more . The Books of the Maccabees, Maccabees also spelled Machabees, four books, none of which is in the Hebrew Bible but all of which appear in some manuscripts of the Septuagint. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and slaughtered the kings of the earth. After the episode of Heliodorus (3:1-40), the writer lays great emphasis on the inviolate sanctity of the Temple and implies that Antiochus suffers the terrible death he does suffer because of his profanation of it. 1:9). [40] Jews who complain about Judas's activities "bring to the king an accusation against the people". Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. It possibly was written during the reign of the Roman emperor Caligula (3741 ce). The same fate overtakes another persecutor, Nicanor, who dies because he threatened to destroy the Temple. It came to pass, after that Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who came out of the land of Chittim, and struck Darius king of the Persians and Medes, it came to pass, after he had struck him, that he reigned in his stead, in former time, over Greece. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. An unknown editor, the "Epitomist," used the factual notes of a historian . Related to this is the issue that including 1 Maccabees in the canon may have given legitimacy to other texts in the Septuagint that were more problematic for the rabbis. It is not permitted to do evil that good may result. Demetrius' death is reported in 1 Maccabees 10:50, and Ptolemy VI Philometor and Alexander Balas, claimant to the Seleucid throne, enter into an agreement under which Alexander marries Cleopatra Thea, Ptolemy's daughter (1 Maccabees 10:58). 2 Maccabees interprets the misfortunes of the Jews as God's punishment for their own sins; the author of 1 Maccabees depicts the problems as due to the external evil of Antiochus IV and his generals, not as a cleansing ordeal that was in some sense divine will. The people of Israel have been specially chosen by the one true God as covenant-partner, and they alone are privileged to know and worship God, their eternal benefactor and unfailing source of help. VERSE 32. Editor's note: The following homily delivered by the Reverend Peter M. J. Stravinskas, Ph.D, S.T.D., on 1 August 2017, commemoration of the Holy Maccabees (Extraordinary Form) at the Church of . In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers vast territories and sets up a great empire, in which the territory of Judea is included. It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. The contest which he describes is a struggle, not simply between Jew and Gentile, but between those who would uphold the law and those, Jews or Gentiles, who would destroy it. Mattathias proclaimed a holy war; Jewish armed resistance operated from the wilderness with great success under the successive leadership of three of Mattathias sonsJudas Maccabeus, the undisputed leader of the Jews (3:1-9); Jonathan (9:28-12:53), and Simon (chap. When, therefore, you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand). 1 Samuel. It became part of the deuterocanon in early Christianity. It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the formation of a rebellion against him by Mattathias of the Hasmonean family and his five sons. VERSE 43. and many of Israel consented to his worship, and sacrificed to the idols, and profaned the Sabbath. 2 He undertook many campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and put the local kings to death. 1-2 Thessalonians. 1 Maccabees 1:54. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the "Eulogy of Simon",[36] which Rappaport considers to be "one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees".[37]. Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a worthy leader.[10]. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension, to the seven martyred brothers (2 Macc.7). Its vocabulary and style indicate a Greek original. VERSE 56. This page was last edited on 16 October 2020, at 19:27. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1044072, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. [47] No angels or miracles come to save the Jews; rather, it is the divinely-approved firm leadership of the Hasmoneans that leads to victory.[9]. Instead, we have an early, pre-Christian, Greek translation full of Hebrew idioms. Jonathan A. Goldstein argues that the book was not imitative of older scriptures merely in linguistic style, but also in content; that is, the author adjusted or invented events to make them fit Biblical parallels better.[51]. The book's author is unknown, but is assumed to have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have even taken part in the events described in the book, or at least knew older people who participated in them. VERSE 37. Updates? They are in the Public Domain. And they shed innocent blood on every side of the sanctuary, and defiled the sanctuary. he spoke words in subtlety. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article There is a faithful remnant. Purpose of The Book of 1 Maccabees: The purpose in writing 1 Maccabees Book is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62) - especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. Both books, which Protestants regard as apocryphal, were recognized by the Fathers as inspired [and canonical at the Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397, 419)] and were later [again] defined as canonical by the Council of Trent (1546). George Leo Haydock. The second book overlaps with the first, starting earlier. put to shame and fled. Below is the article summary. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth, gathering plunder from many . It is probably a Greek translation of a Hebrew account of Israel's independence struggle between 174 and 134 bc.Similarly little is known about the author of 2 Maccabees, although it is clear that he was not the same person as the author of 1 Maccabees. We will be talking about events that happened in the second century, which took place in Judea located in the Syrian empire. saves his butt from a delivery-gone-bonkers, he decides to play nice with . The relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, Demetrius II Nicator, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at Antioch enables the Jews to "gain glory in the sight of the king" (verse 51). Rather, the book refers to "heaven" (ourans) instead, such as Judas saying in a speech that "It is not on the size of the army that victory in battle depends, but strength comes from Heaven. 1 Maccabees . He also forbids circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who disobey. He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. It frequently imitates biblical phraseology and directly cites biblical precedents. A supporter of the Hasmonean dynasty. [21][22] The English equivalent would be writing new books in the style of the King James Version. The other Jews then reason that, when attacked, they must fight even on the holy day. 1 Maccabees. Mattathias's son Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) takes over the revolt and the rebels as a group are called the Maccabees; the book chronicles in detail the successes and setbacks of the rebellion. In 1 Maccabees, those dissatisfied with the Hasmoneans "hated their nation"[39] as a whole; the Hasmoneans were equated with Judea itself. Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . The words "God" and "Lord" never occur in the text, always being replaced by "Heaven" or "He.". The Septuagint was preserved by early Christians as the basis for the Christian Old Testament. View all posts by todd. According to her glory, so was her dishonor multiplied, and her high estate was turned into mourning. Acts 4 (King James Version) 1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, 2 Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. Matthew 24:15. The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. [48] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it as among the better military historiography of the period. Antiochus captures Egypt. Maccabees , (fl. This is alluded to in two other passages: Daniel 9:27. 1 Maccabees is a historical book, concerned to relay the events of the period as closely as possible. Help me reach the world for the Lord Jesus Christ. John R. Bartlett argues for somewhere between 11090 BCE. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. But he also wants to show that Gods purpose in permitting persecution is to discipline the Jews in order that he may not take vengeance on us afterwards when our sins have reached their height (6:12-17). These include four laments and three hymns of praise. Corrections? The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. the hundred and forty and third year. Do a bit of research on Hanukkah and talk what you have learnt about this very important Jewish festival. His brother Simon succeeds him in 142 B.C.E., receiving the double office of high priest and ruler of Israel (1 Maccabees 14:41). 1 Maccabees covers the period of 175 BCE to 134 BCE. He claims to have used and condensed a five-volume work by someone called Jason of Cyrene (which no longer exists) and appears to have introduced theological reflections onto the events as he went. VERSE 19. 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. He extensively uses the first thirteen chapters of it in Books 12 and 13 of his work Jewish Antiquities, paraphrasing it directly in parts, although supplementing it with other Greek histories such as Nicolaus of Damascus. Reading time: Around 4 hours for both books or 2 hours for one. And he took the spoils of the city, and set it on fire, and pulled down the houses thereof and the walls thereof on every side. However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. The first book was written in Hebrew, although what we have is only a Greek translation; the second, written in Greek, shows that the author had a good grasp of Greek rhetoric and the Greek language, which suggests he may have been from Alexandria. VERSE 60. CHAPTER 1. III Maccabees has no relation to the other three books of Maccabees, all of which deal with the revolt of Judaea against Antiochus IV Epiphanes. He bans the observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. Prefixed to the book are two "festive" letters (1.1 - 10a and1.10b - 2.19), sent from the Jews in Jerusalem to the Jews in Egypt. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture.. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. It aims at bringing out even more strongly the religious lessons of the time, and the story is written more like a sermon than a history. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. The origin of the word "maccabee" is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas' physical strength and exploits. Buy Also Available At: . His severest condemnation goes, not to the Seleucid politicians, but to the lawless apostates among his own people, adversaries of Judas and his brothers, who are models of faith and loyalty. The history of the Maccabee family given in these books ends with the death of Simon and the succession of his son, John Hyrcanus. VERSE 16. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. And from the people were gathered together to them many, every one that had forsaken the law; and they did evil things in the land; VERSE 53. and they made israel to hide themselves in every place of refuge which they had. When war broke out between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end. VERSE 52. She, having offered God the lives of her sons, then offers herself in sacrifice, giving an example of fortitude and also of that faith in which she had reared her children. And king Antiochus wrote to his whole kingdom, that all should be one people. Jonathan becomes high priest (1 Maccabees 10:20). Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if a later date is accepted, then the author must have had access to first-hand reports of the events. If this is all new to you, don't worrywe're here to help. Omissions? 2 Kings. [This chapter is in Orthodox and Catholic Bibles] Alexander the Great. The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The works main religious theme is that the martyrs sufferings vicariously expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people. Both Origen and Jerome claim to have seen a Hebrew text of 1 Maccabees. This text explicitly states that there is an interim stage where souls are purified and that they can be helped by suffrages offered by the living. [62], The book was never included in the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh and is not canonical in Judaism. In an effort to enforce unity, he attempts to suppress the public observance of Jewish religious laws. [19], The book was probably originally written in Hebrew. Alternate titles: The Books of the Machabees. The time period described is from around 170 BC to 134 BC. This is a terrible punishment. And the saying was good in their eyes. [20] The book is not written in colloquial "common" Koine Greek of the 2nd century BC, but rather a more archaic style of Greek consciously imitative of the style of older scriptures. 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