What were the Hoovervilles (Shanty Town) of the Great Depression? As the optimism of the 1920s gave way to fear and desperation, Americans looked to the federal government for relief. Seattle is fortunate to have the kind of detailed documentation of its Hooverville that other cities lack, and we have compiled these unique resources here. It became the most widespread crisis of the twentieth century, affecting several countries worldwide. This was Port of Seattle property that had been occupied by Skinner and Eddy shipyard during World War I. "; Lessons from Hooverville still have not been learned today. A shantytown, also known as a Hooverville (named for U.S. President Herbert Hoover), was located in Seattle, Washington, during the Great Depression. Hoovervilles Appear Nationwide As the Depression worsened and millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings, they also lost their homes. Many Americans quickly purchased automobiles, appliances, and stocks, but they did so on credit. [4] Most of these unemployed residents of the Hoovervilles relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had housing during this era. How many people lived in the Hoovervilles in the 1930s? Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. Thesis, University of Washington, 1935), pp.42-45. read more, The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression. For example, in New York City, encampments sprang up along the Hudson and East rivers. Included are photographs, city documents, a 1934 sociological survey of residents, a short memoir written by the former "mayor" of Hooverville, and more. Definition, Examples, Pros and Cons. The Great Depression was the most severe and enduring economic collapse of the 20th century, and included abrupt declines in the supply and demand of goods and services along with a meteoric rise in unemployment. Seattle's Hooverville and its residents were portrayed as violent, exotic, and separate from the rest of Seattle, obscuring the social accomplishments and self-organization of shantytown residents. A structured government ran Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, and extensive documentation was collected. [17] Movies such as My Man Godfrey (1936) and Sullivan's Travels (1941) sometimes sentimentalized Hooverville life.[18]. Hoover also didn't think it would work and that a crisis such as this one would have to blow over on its own. The term 'Hooverville' probably originated with Charles Michelson, who was a newspaper reporter and, in 1930, the publicity director for the Democratic National Party. The Great Depression saw the collapse of the United States' economy, rampant unemployment and a broad sense of hopelessness. In his famous novel the Joad family briefly settles into a Hooverville in California. Facts about Shantytowns and HoovervillesThe following fact sheet contains interesting facts and information on Shantytowns and Hoovervilles. By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. One-fourth of all workers were unemployed. Roy lived in the Hooverville in spring 1934 while conducting this survey which became his 1935 MA thesis. The name was a reference to Herbert Hoover who was the President of the United States during the at the start of the Depression and widely blamed for it. After hosting several homeless settlements, the reservoir was dubbed the Hoover Valley and Depression Street. [9], Regardless of the gender of the residents, Hoovervilles served as a common ground for many different nationalities and ethnicities. In June, many of the so-called Bonus Army marched to the Capitol to request early payment of the government bonuses they had been promised for their military servicemoney that would have alleviated the financial problems of many families. The houses were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and some cooking materials. More often than not, Hoovervilles were tolerated. Check out the Siteseen network of educational websites. Including the veterans, their families, and other supporters, the crowd of protesters eventually grew to nearly 45,000 people. Hoovervilles were large groups of simple, makeshift houses built by people who had nowhere else to live during the Great Depression. Brief History of Seattle. This worksheet can be edited by Premium members using the free Google Slides online software. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Courtesy Tacoma Public Library. This Hooverville had its very own unofficial mayor, Jesse Jackson. - Definition & History, Effects & Events of the US Civil War from Various Perspectives, William Monroe Trotter: Quotes & Biography, Andrew Carnegie: Steel, Net Worth & Philanthropy, Neil Armstrong: Biography, Facts & Moon Landing, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. This is especially clear from the lyrics which included this line: 'They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead; why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread?'. Homeless people roamed the country looking for food and work. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. The Hooverville in Seattle was one of the few with detailed documentation. Hoovervilles: Some 200,000 migrant farmers relocated to California. Homeless people were forced to live in absolute poverty in the Hoovervilles or shantytowns in the 1930s. Residents of the previous Hooverville in Tacoma rebuilt homes on the same site they occupied throughout. Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression. Probably the most famous Hooverville was the one founded on Anacostia Flats, just outside Washington, D.C., in 1932. We pride ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and students. https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996 (accessed March 1, 2023). During the Great Depression, Hoovervilles provided shelter to many of the homeless population of America. Black and white Americans and immigrants from all over the world shared the camp sites. Nonwhites comprised 29% of the colony's population, including 120 Filipinos, 29 African Americas, 25 Mexicans, 4 Native Americans, 4 South Americans, and 2 Japanese. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. Many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out of sheer necessity. Usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people lived in the many Hooverville camps. His records show populations of Japanese, Mexican, Filipino, Native American, Costa Rican, Chilean, and Black men. The term was coined by the publicity director of the Democratic National Committee in 1930. Shanty towns also appeared in or near other cities. The term Hooverville itself is a partisan political attack on Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States at the time. A 'Hooverville' on waterfront of Seattle, Washington, March 1933. Banks closed, and factories shut down; thousands and then millions of jobs were lost. After negotiating with the camps mayor, the Health Department agreed to let the residents remain as long they observed minimal safety and sanitary rules. succeed. Businesses made huge profits, but average workers wages did not rise at the same rate. In late 1935, the city Health Department estimated that 4,000 to 5,000 people were living in the various shacktowns. Even before the Great Depression, there were homeless people, but most large cities were able to build municipal lodging houses for the homeless. While the goal of the tariffs was to protect U.S.-made products from foreign competition, most countries retaliated by raising their tariffs on U.S. goods. The Great Depression drew to an end with the outbreak of WW2 and municipal programs aimed at "eradicating" shantytowns destroyed all the Hoovervilles. By 1932, Herbert Hoovers last full year in office, the U.S. unemployment rate had soared to 25%, with more than 15 million people without jobs or homes. The decision led to the establishment of the Shack Elimination Committee by the City Council. Homeowners lost their property when they could not pay mortgages or pay taxes. Seattle's main Hooverville was one of the largest, longest-lasting, and best documented in the nation. "Hoovervilles" were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Covering nine acres of public land, it housed a population of up to 1,200, claimed its own community government including an unofficial mayor, and enjoyed the protection of leftwing groups and sympathetic public officials It was headed by the Commissioner of Health, the Superintendent of Buildings, the Chief of Police, and the Chief of the Fire Department, tasked to draft a plan on how to proceed with the elimination of Hooverville. Although people would often use castoff lumber and building materials, more often than not Hooverville structures were built with cardboard, tar paper, and other comparatively flimsy elements. Excerpt from "Seattle's Hooverville" by Leslie D. Erb (1935), [1] Donald Francis Roy, "Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle," (M.A. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. var current_date = new Date(); month_value = current_date.getMonth(); day_value = current_date.getDate(); year_value = current_date.getFullYear(); document.write( months[month_value] ); was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. Sign Up. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. WATCH VIDEO: How Artists Helped End the Great Depression. Exhibit C: Physical Conditions and Occupancy of Shacks (March 5, 1941) Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. A Hoover blanket was a pile of old newspapers used as bedding. Who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town? In his journal, he states that of the 639 residents of the town, only 7 of them were women. Homelessness followed quickly from joblessness once the economy began to crumble in the early 1930s. 'Hooverville' was the nickname for any variety of makeshift shelters for homeless people, mostly victims of the Great Depression from 1929 to 1941. Some shelters were little more than holes in the ground covered with tin or cardboard. See the fact file below for more information on the Hoovervilles, or alternatively, you can download our 20-page Hooverville worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? This was handled by an elected Vigilance Committee-- consisting of two whites, two blacks, and two Filipinos-- led by a white Texas native and former lumberjack named Jesse Jackson, who came to be known as the unofficial "Mayor" of Hooverville. Herbert Hoover was president during the start of the Great Depression. But they eventually returned because they had nowhere else to go, and they were soon allowed to stay, owing to public sympathy. In 1929, unemployment was around 3%. 361 lessons. As the Depression worsened in the 1930s many looked to the federal government for assistance. Eight different Hoovervilles were established in Seattle, Washington, with the largest one lasting from 1932 to 1941 and built on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. He was proud of the self-built community, saying "Hooverville is the abode of the forgotten man." The nickname 'Hooverville' was given to the shanty towns that sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression. St. Louis Hooverville, built in 1930, had its own unofficial mayor, churches and social institutions. According to Roy, there was tolerance and friendship among ethnic groups and nationalities because racial barriers did not exist. The Tacoma Fire Department burned down fifty small houses in May 1942 after Seattle destroyed Hooverville. The camp began when an unemployed lumberjack Spread over nine acres; it housed a population of up to 1,200. Facts About Hoovervilles The term Hooverville came from the blame on President Herbert Hoover for the intolerable economic and social conditions. What does it tell you about Hooverville society? A look at how people lived, especially in the makeshift dwellings they constructed, gives a better sense of this, as does an understanding of the bitter humor behind the naming of these dwellings, known as 'Hoovervilles'. Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. Odd pieces of wood, stones, loose boards, crates, cardboard, scraps of other materials, old bricks and parts of boxes. Unit densities soared in the early 1930s. Some of the men who were forced to live in these conditions possessed construction skills, and were able to build their houses out of stone. When disaster struck, Americans looked to their President for leadership and compassion, but Hoover seemed to be short on both counts. Will Work ForAnything. Out of desperation, the homeless began building camps of makeshift shacks near cities across the nation. How many Hoovervilles or Shantytowns were there? To find out more, see our, Download the Hooverville Facts & Worksheets, Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com, Resources created by teaching professionals. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. If you reference any of the content on this page on your own website, please use the code below to cite this page as the original source. var months = new Array(12); "Hoovervilles," shanty towns of unemployed men, sprung up all over the nation, named after President Hoover's insufficient relief during the crisis. The easiest way to travel across the country was by train and Shantytowns, nicknamed 'Hobo Jungles' sprang up by most city railroad stations. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. Divided into distinct sectors, the racially integrated and cohesive encampment was home to as many as 8,000 destitute people. KidsKonnect is a growing library of premium quality educational materials, printable worksheets and teaching resources for use in the classroom. [2] Donald Francis Roy, a citizen of Seattles Hooverville, took detailed recordings of the population during his time there. Construction within the strict timeframe proved an immense read more, The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken southern plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a drought in the 1930s. The Great Depression started on Wall Street. Did you know? WATCH VIDEO: Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Even when Hoovervilles were raided by order of parks departments or other authorities, the men who carried out the raids often expressed regret and guilt for their actions. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. The Great Depression rolled on, and people got caught in a vicious cycle. A Tarpaper Carthage: Interpreting Hooverville. Considered by many to be one of the most successful of Roosevelts New Deal programs, the CCC planted more than three read more, In the early 20th century, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation devised plans for a massive dam on the Arizona-Nevada border to tame the Colorado River and provide water and hydroelectric power for the developing Southwest. New York City saw the emergence of many Hoovervilles during the 1930s: During the Great Depression of the 1930s author John Steinbeck wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" about the lives of the people living in the Prairies states and the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl. These camps came to be called Hoovervilles, after the president. The Hoovervilles varied in size from just a few shacks clustered together to communities of over 1000 rickety shacks covering acres of unused or public lands. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In addition to his perceived disregard for the harm done by the Great Depression, Hoover was criticized for backing the controversial Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. They posed health risks to their inhabitants as well as to those living nearby, but there was little that local governments or health agencies could do. On two occasions, the Seattle Health Department ordered the residents to leave and burned their shanties when they refused. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Reasons for Homelessness: Homeowners lost their houses when they could not pay mortgages or pay taxes. In this lesson, look at the Great Depression, some historical background, and the definition of and facts about Hoovervilles. Thousands of World War I veterans, calling themselves the Bonus Army, had arrived in the nation's capital to demand early payment of a bonus they had been promised at the end of the war. Many were established near rivers, as the above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water. The Shanty Town was not new to America. Petition for community bath houses in Hooverville (May 15, 1935) However, some countries retaliated by raising their tariffs, and international trade was hampered. There was no work, people were starving and the local police repeatedly burned down the camp. Both times, however, the Hooverville shacks were immediately rebuilt. Photos from shantytowns across the country show images of families, including women and children, dwelling in their makeshift home. In his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath, writer John Steinbeck, vividly described his hardships as a young farmworker in the Weedpatch Hooverville near Bakersfield, California. The new mayor allowed the towns Hooverville to thrive and grow, even granting it some official tolerance. Life in these Hoovervilles was difficult and caused many people to migrate throughout the United States in search of better opportunities elsewhere. Inadequate sanitation, lack of clean drinking water and poor nutrition lead to a variety of diseases and illnesses such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, diarrhea, rickets, influenza, pneumonia and skin diseases. Central Park Hooverville with Central Park West in the Background in 1932. Click to see google map of shack towns in Seattle area and more photos and descriptions.In Seattle shacks appeared in many locations in 1930 and 1931, but authorities usually destroyed them after neighbors complained. The answer to this question is practically anywhere. It comes from the New York Public Library. When Congress refused payment and the veterans refused to leave, President Hoover sent in the army under the direction of Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur; the riot scene that followed included tear gas, bayonets, and tanks, and resulted in the burning of large parts of the Bonus Army's Hooverville as well as several deaths. This website helped me pass! The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. Hoovervilles lacked the services found in typical towns. This was at a time when most workers didn't have access to unemployment benefits, health care, or Social Security--in fact, none of the programs that could provide that kind of help even existed. This Hooverville thrived because it was funded by private donations. Hooverville shanties were constructed of cardboard, tar paper, glass, lumber, tin and whatever other materials people could salvage. Tacoma had a large encampment that spanned six blocks. Some families were fortunate enough to stay with friends and family members that hadn't been evicted yet, but homeless men, women and children were forced to take up residence in shacks as a result of the Great Depression. Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the United States during the Great Depression (1929-1933). As elsewhere in the country, Washington State's Communist Party helped to organize the unemployed into active political and social formations. here to see more photographs of Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in Seattle and Tacoma. Two young residents at a Hooverville shantytown in Washington, D.C. Longley, Robert. As Secretary of Commerce, Hoover presided over the economic boom times of the 'Roaring Twenties,' and when he entered the White House in early 1929, it seemed clear that the nation was in good hands. Some Hoovervilles had basic public services and conveniences. 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