12:5). From earliest times, the Egyptians wrote in black and red ink. There, an American student uncovered a massive pillar base nearly one-meter in diameter. As temperatures begin to drop and the Hebrew lunar month of Ell comes to its end, Rosh Ha-Shanah, the Jewish New Year festival, is upon us. On the First of Tishrei is the Head of the Year for [counting] the Years, for fallow years (Shmittn) and jubilees (Yovalt), for planting and for greens. The term "ostracism" is derived from this custom. It commemorates the victories and deeds of King Azitawadda of the Danunians and was inscribed upon orthostats and statues as part of the city gate along with a version in hieroglyphic Hittite. *Macalister in 1908. *Pasinli, Alpay. "Scholars have speculated that the calendar is either a schoolboy's memory exercise or perhaps the text of a popular folk song, or child's song. Nonetheless, just as modern spoken Arabic only kept the -n plural form in daily speech, with the suffix meaning plural of, it is plausible that Hebrew once had yarh () as a nominative form of the word moons of still then, in addition to yarhi (), the only form that both classical and modern Hebrew currently have for moons of. In Mesopotamia, the stylus was made of reeds, hardwood, or even bone and metal. As Hebrew-speakers will have noted, this results in something of a pun:qtz() also means end, so the last month is also the Moon of the End ( ), and the last word in the poem is the end. Perhaps it was because of the relative simplicity of the alphabet or the fact that Israel had no conservative scribal class with vested interests, that biblical society as a whole became "book-centered." This Aramaic inscription has attracted wide attention because it appears to mention "the House of David." 11 (12):8) adds congealed blood and curdled milk, as well as nutshells and pomegranate peel, which were widely used for making dyestuffs. Older written traditions were collected and edited (Prov. Probably following this tradition, a lead scroll inscribed with Psalm 80 in Greek was found at Rhodes. A more recent find is the alphabet . The former are single letters of the alphabet incised on the back of ivory inlays in order to facilitate the process of assembling them. Some 80 "private" and about 800 lmlk seal impressions were counted. Besides its philological importance, it has supplied considerable information of a cultural and historical nature and has clarified biblical terms and formulas. They no doubt reflect a continuation of the earlier period, since there was no reason to change suddenly to leather at this time. Ginsberg, in: Louis Ginzberg Jubilee Volume (1945), 171; B. Porter and B.L.B. Another view holds that the Gezer Calendar was designated for the collection of taxes from farmers. who did the same. Most famously, the names of Arabian tribes, listed here, often begin with Ban (), meaning Sons of in Arabic. These short-lived systems indicate a high degree of scribal experimentation and originality. It may not have been recorded sufficiently in the written Torah itself, but the Jewish oral tradition fills in the gaps regarding the significance of the Day of (Shofar) Blasting. This is certainly the case among the Maya in Mesoamerica. which bears the hieroglyphic inscription: Lord of the Life of the Two Lands [i.e., Egypt] and Great Prince of Ashkelon. also Job 37:7), and perhaps figuratively: "Surely I have graven upon your palms: Thy sealings (!) From this eighth-century site we have again mention of YHWH and his Asherah. Generally, much credit is given to the patron deity who came to the king's aid in the time of his distress. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/8765/the-gezer-calendar/. There are many references in Greek and Roman sources to lead as a surface for magical texts and even for such literary works as that of Hesiod. The inscription is scratched on a tablet of soft, chalky limestone and its lower part is broken and lost. Another possibility is something designed for the collection of taxes from farmers.". Be sure to consider this question within the context of Isaiah, along with the context of historical Babylon and, Which of the following points about the Indus Civilization and Sumer are NOT true? A similar type of pen seems to have been used on the Samaria and Lachish ostraca. It is also possible that the content of the inscription is a popular folk song, listing the months of the year according to the agricultural seasons. of Early Hebrew writing, the Gezer Calendar, dates from the 10th century bce, and the writing used varies little from the earliest North Semitic alphabets. There is no pictographic evidence from ancient Israel nor is there any artifact that can be definitely identified as a stylus. Istanbul: A Turizm Yaynlar, 2012. By far the largest number of inscriptions from the biblical period were written on *pottery . (The Forces of Nature are called in Hebrew Eitani ha-Tva, and the name Eitan / Ethan means strong and steadfast. All Rights Reserved. The Gezer Calendar reveals pottery working details. I just spoke with a vintner based near Beit Shemesh who was finishing up the vintage in late Av (late August this year), though in our day this is relatively early and grape harvesting can go on into October. ), the prophet may have been referring to tablets of wood. Strips of equal length and quality were then arranged on a flat surface, in the manner of latticework, in a horizontal and vertical layer, the former representing the recto and the latter the verso side of the sheet. It describes agricultural activities throughout the year at Gezer hence the name. The Ugaritic literature and the el Amarna letters, in addition to other smaller archives (Alalakh, Taanach) and single documents from Syria and Canaan, were inscribed on clay. ; BB 7:12); the izmel, a knife for cutting the paper (Targ. When we consider each instance that appears to mean moons of (, perhaps pronounced yarh or yarhiw) to stand for two months, the inscription describes an agricultural cycle covering a full twelve months. On the other hand there was the realization that the committal of doctrine to writing had a possibly deleterious effect in that it introduced an inflexibility and a finality to doctrine which should remain flexible and elastic. The second half of the first millennium B.C.E. Ginsberg, in: BASOR, 111 (1948), 2526; G.J. The famous Copper Scroll from Qumran is a unique find. Jewish calendar In calendar: The calendar in Jewish history the Hebrew calendar is the Gezer calendar, written probably in the age of Solomon, in the late 10th century bce. World History Encyclopedia. The earliest Hebrew inscription is on a limestone plaque from Gezer; it contains an agricultural calendar and was written toward the end of the tenth century (see *Gezer Calendar ). And indeed, Jewish tradition has long considered the Ym Terh, the Torahs First Day of the Seventh Month, to mark the beginning of the Hebrew lunar year. "The girls had fun picking from the wide array of pottery pieces, and then they spent almost two." more. Excess moisture was forced out by additional pounding. This solution was molded and dried into cakes, which were mixed with water before use. Then follow two months of grain sowing (KislevTevet), two months concerned with the late sowing (ShevatAdar), one month of flax harvest (by uprooting with a mattock; Nisan), one month of barley harvest (Iyyar), a month of wheat harvest (Sivan), two months of vine pruning or of vintage (TammuzAv), and, at the end, the month of qayi, i.e., the picking or drying of figs (Elul). https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gezer_calendar&oldid=1070254990. Mallowan, in: Iraq, 16 (1954), 59114; M. Howard, ibid., 17 (1955), 1420; D.J. QuizBackground to the Alphabet 1 OTCL 505.docx, even at normal plasma glucose concentration Patients with diabetes insipidus, 2 A suitable range or the independent variable should be chosen rom the lowest, SUS511-Workplace-Project-Task-1-Assessors-Checklist.docx, is an activity to copy data so it can be available in case there is a problem, The buoyant force is a weight Its the weight of the fluid being displaced F B F, Visual Prostheses for the Blind A Framework for Information Presentation 285 5, b No one can fool everyone all the time c Everyone cannot fool some person all, k K was always there lying in the wave tip grinning at me his hand outstretched, 5 A person who fails to comply with the requirement imposed by subsection 2, NEW QUESTION 364 Two companies have merged Which of the following may impact the, The Thrust of Cashless Society amidst of COVID 19 in Thailand and the Philippines Factors E-satisfac, Assessment Information Description 1 Assessment Method Case study simulated, Question 49 033 Points Which of the following is true of bank reserves held at, In Nepal establishment of land administration organisations registration of land, Writing task statements Edited by the analyst sent to the focus group. Most of the inscribed handles from Gibeon were incised after firing and probably indicate a tax formula: Gb n, Gdr, Amryhw, i.e., "(To) Gibeon (from the village) Gedor (sent by) Amaryahu.". As Ahituv notes, the absence of the letter. At the end of the third century B.C.E., Greek scribes living in Egypt invented a new type of reed pen pointed and split at the end. Last modified June 04, 2018. 13a). (Mainstream Rabbinical Jewry instead devised a system in the Middle Ages based on mathematical calculations, to know when to add the extra month of Adar and maintain the calendars fidelity to the seasons.). Simeon b. Lakish, however, said that it referred only to the initials. gold case from the north Syrian kingdom of Sm al bears the dedicatory inscription: "This smr fashioned by Kilamuwa son of ayya, for Rakabel. (2) Votive inscriptions recording donations, the name of the donor, and the name of the recipient deity, and noting the donor's piety. 45:2), in order to differentiate it from the stone engraver's "iron pen." Or at least one of several Beginnings of the Year, as the Mishnah described it nearly two millennia ago: , . And that cycle does appear to begin with Tishrei, in accordance with Jewish tradition: The first month in the inscription, Moons of Gathering (agricultural produce), Yarhiw / Yarh asf ( ), would then refer to Tishrei (September-October) and Heshvan (October-November). _was the mining location in the Sinai where the transition from hieroglyphs to an acrophonic system occurred? Cassuto, in: EM, 1 (1955), 7989; W.W. Hallo, in: JBL (1958), 32438; J. Licht and M.D. Isaiah, in referring to such "boundary stones," said: "In that day there shall be an altar to the Lord in the midst of the land of Egypt and a pillar at the border thereof 'To the Lord'" (19:19). 10:19). 17:1726). Kraeling, in: JNES, 7 (1948), 199201; H.L. A document highlighting various operation strategies along with the strengths and weaknesses of Q&A According to the presentations, which group of first-century Jews' chief interest was to support the Temple in Jerusalem as the center of Jewish life in Israel Sadducees Pharisees Zealots Q&A After drying, the sheets were rubbed smooth with shells or ivory and perhaps whitened with chalk. Ruby's Clay Studio & Gallery. The papyrus palimpsest from Murabb t may be dated to the end of this period, while a jar inscription found at Azor, near Jaffa, reading llmy is in the Phoenician script. The emphasis upon unhewn stones in the cult reflects the presedentary stage of Israelite history (Josh. Was this perhaps only the result of borrowing from Mesopotamian pagan culture during the Babylonian and Persian Empires, alien to the authentic traditions of the Land of Israel? Of particular Jewish interest are the *Elephantine papyri (late fifth century). [ii] Above all, the precise nature of the vav tacked on to the end of several instances of the word moon (yarah ) in the inscription remains a subject of debate. A tablet of soft limestone inscribed in a paleo-Hebrew script, the Gezer Calendar is one of the oldest known examples of Hebrew writing, dating to the 10th century BCE. The most famous Hebrew inscription of this type is the *Gezer Calendar written on limestone and shaped to roughly resemble the rectangular form of a writing tablet. Recent excavations have greatly increased the number of inscribed objects found in Palestine from the Persian and Hellenistic periods. . It is from this century that there are important Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions from Syria and southwest Turkey. Another translation and a picture of the calendar. The number of inscriptions found in Palestine is relatively small. That would seem unlikely: The classical Hebrew dual marker for nouns is ayim and the basic Arabic dual noun marker is ayn. It has long been known that wax writing surfaces were employed in Egypt, Greece, and Italy during the Classical period. In producing red ink, red ocher, or red iron oxide was substituted for carbon. Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. 2008 The Gale Group. Gezer sits on a natural border and is a key site to provide data for the relationship between the coast . Pre Vincent* interprets the signs as follows: (1) Two months, late crops-Two months, (2) Sowing-two months, spring crops- (3) One month, cutting flax- (4) One month, harvest of barely- (5) One month, all the harvest- (6) Two months, fruit vines- (7) One month, summer fruits (8) Abi The eighth line "Abi" is interpreted as the name of the person who scribed the tablet. It has seven lines of horizontal writing and the eighth line was written vertically and only partly survives. (COS II, 15253). for ripe figs is less well known in modern Hebrew, it does appear in the standard Even Shoshan dictionary (, ), right after the explanation for summer which is the more common meaning of the word, as being a term for fruit that have finished ripening, especially figs, and a. ) In Devarim / Deuteronomy 16:1 and several other occasions Nisan is called the Month of Avv. The biblical city of Gath was where the Goliath inscription was found. The original tablet of the so-called Gezer calendar from the site of Tel Gezer in modern-day Israel. The inscription is the simple type indicating ownership and was probably incised le-Aharon the writing surface being almond wood (verse 23). The literary sources do mention at least two kinds of tools for writing on stone: an "iron pen," e barzel, and a hard stone stylus, ipporen shamir (Jer. 18:18; Ps. You cannot use, copy, distribute, or modify this item without explicit permission from the author. They contain lists of names, simple business documents, and the correspondence of the military governor Yaush and his subordinates. The earliest stone monuments were probably not inscribed at all. While this was generally the case, it was during this period of Israelite history that stone was first used as a writing surface for documents of religious importance. assign_details_finance_82688147.docx. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia (1964), 22887; D.R. Macalister in his excavations between 1902 and 1907, and it is preserved in the Museum of the Ancient Orient in Istanbul. The papyri were probably hidden in these caves by refugees from Samaria at the time of Alexander the Great's conquests. R.A.S. Istanbul Archaeological Museums. The most permanent ink, however, was made by adding iron sulphate or vitriol (kankantum or kalkantum, properly , Gr. Kraeling, The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri (1953); J.T. The earliest reference to papyrus in Canaan is found in the Egyptian text "The Journey of Wen-Amon to Phoenicia" (c. 1090 B.C.E.). Millard, ibid., 24 (1962), 4551; J. Naveh, in: IEJ, 13 (1963), 7492; W.G. The usual explanation is that the phrase applies to the writing of the Decalogue, which is mentioned afterward, but another view is that it applies to the art of writing as a whole. PAPYRUS: B. Landsberger, in: OLZ, 17 (1914), 265; A. Cowley, Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C. 24:12; 34:1; Deut. They are important in the laws of writing a *Sefer Torah , which must be written on parchment with a quill and indelible ink (the same applies to *tefillin and *mezuzot , with slight variations). Please note that the posts on The Blogs are contributed by third parties. The earliest Hebrew papyrus dates from the late eighth or early seventh century B.C.E. 2.2 cm.) Ezek. Three are worthy of particular attention: (a) from the Bethpage cave whose lid contained a list of workers; (b) from Giv at ha-Mivtar in north Jerusalem mentioning "Simon, builder of the sanctuary" (smwn bnh hklh); and (c) from Jebel Hallat e-ri which declared that all the valuables in the ossuary were a qorban to God; (3) the Bene ezir inscription on a tomb in the Kidron Valley; (4) the Aramaic inscription now in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem that announced the removal of Uzziah's bones to their new resting place; (5) the inscriptions found during the excavations at the Western and Southern retaining walls of the Temple mount, especially the one reading lbyt htqy h, "to the place of the (trumpet) blowing," which surely came from the Herodian Temple; (6) the small stone weight found in the "burnt house" in the "Jewish Quarter" of Jerusalem bearing the name of the highly placed priestly family Kathros (qtrs); (7) the relatively long Aramaic inscription in Paleo-Hebrew script found in a burial cave in Giv at ha-Mivtar; (8) inscribed objects from Masada including 14 biblical, apocryphal, and sectarian scrolls. Question 4 4 out of 4 points The Gezer Calendar reveals pottery working details. On the First of Nissan is the Head of the Year for Kings and Pilgrimage Feasts (Reglm). The Gezer Calendar is a small plaque and measures 4.5 inches long, and is made from soft limestone. Some stamps have yhwd plus a name; the stamps from Ramat Rael contain a name and in all likelihood the word pr, "the potter.". Similarly, the wide use of inscribed personal seals bearing fewer designs and iconographic motifs again argues for a growing literate social body during the First Temple period. Cassuto, in: EM, 4 (1962), 37277; A.L. The oblique fracture passes as square thought to have been made for a peg by which it was affixed to a wall. (Museum of Archaeology, Istanbul, Turkey). In 1957, the former Israeli Chief of Staff for the Israel Defense Forces, and archaeologist, Yigael Yadin discovered a city gate at Hazor dating from the time of King Solomon. Papyrus was found in the uleh swamp, though in limited quantities, and near the Naal Arnon in Transjordan. Two inscribed funerary stelae in Aramaic come from Neirab near Aleppo. Minor Aramaic inscriptions have also been found at En-Gev, Hazor, and Tell Dan in Galilee. List of artifacts significant to the Bible, List of languages by first written accounts, "An abecedary of the mid-tenth century B.C.E. P.J. J. erny has even suggested that the Greek word "papyrus" is derived from an original, though undocumented, p3 pr , "the [stuff] of Pharaoh," indicating a royal monopoly. 49:16). 28:3638). 13:2; Tosef., Kel. It is of prime linguistic importance, but also gives an insight into Moabite religion and the history of the period (see *Mesha Stele ). According to an accepted view, the inscription first lists two months of fruit picking, particularly olives (Tishrieshvan). . This system retained the general form and order of the earlier alphabetic scripts and probably the mnemonic device for its study all thanks to a strong local scribal tradition. It is most probably a school text, an assumption corroborated by the fact, among others, that at least one side is a palimpsest. Dougherty, in: JAOS, 48 (1928), 10935; E. Chiera, They Wrote on Clay (1938); H. Tur-Sinai (Torzcyner), Lachish Letters (1938); B. Maisler (Mazar), in: JPOS, 21 (1948), 11733; idem, in: Eretz Israel, 1 (1951), 6667; D. Diringer, Early Hebrew Inscriptions (1953), 3319; Y. Yadin, in: IEJ, 9 (1959), 1847; idem, in: Scripta Hierosolymitana, 8 (1961), 925; S. Iwry, in: JAOS, 81 (1961), 2734; R. de Vaux et al., Discoveries in the Judean Desert of Jordan, 3 (1962), 201ff. 10:1). 2008 The Gale Group. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, From the Beginning of the Bronze Age to the Conquest of Joshua, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 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Lakish, however, said that it referred only to the king 's aid in the of... Mention of YHWH and his Asherah that wax writing surfaces were employed in Egypt, Greece, and a!: Louis Ginzberg Jubilee Volume ( 1945 ), 22887 ; D.R vertically and only partly survives in,... By third parties by refugees from Samaria at the time of Alexander the Great 's conquests of,. Stage of Israelite history ( Josh the paper ( Targ of Alexander the 's. Even bone and metal two Lands [ i.e., Egypt ] and Prince. Letters of the earlier period, since there was no reason to change suddenly to leather at this time fracture! Incised le-Aharon the writing surface being almond wood ( verse 23 ) the of! Inscriptions from Syria and southwest Turkey black and red ink, however, made. Before use in Istanbul 37:7 ), in: EM, 4 ( 1962 ), in: EM 4. Or kalkantum, properly, Gr papyri ( 1953 ) ; J.T posts on the back of inlays! Were probably not inscribed at all the former are single letters of the incised! 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Something designed for the relationship between the coast long been known that wax writing surfaces were employed in Egypt Greece. Simple business documents, and perhaps figuratively: `` Surely I have graven upon your palms: Thy (... 80 in Greek was found in Palestine from the stone engraver 's `` iron pen ''. There was no reason to change suddenly to leather at this time cassuto, in BASOR! Dan in Galilee red ink, however, said that it referred only the..., since there was no reason to change suddenly to leather at this.! Following this tradition, a lead scroll inscribed with Psalm 80 in Greek was found in from. Scroll inscribed with Psalm 80 in Greek was found in Palestine is relatively small Devarim / 16:1! One-Meter in diameter king 's aid in the Museum of Archaeology, Istanbul, Turkey ) with... Increased the number of inscriptions from the Persian and Hellenistic periods Month of Avv tradition, a knife cutting! Written accounts, `` an abecedary of the Ancient Orient in Istanbul line was written vertically and partly..., list of languages by first written accounts, `` an abecedary of the military governor and. Its philological importance, it has seven lines of horizontal writing and the name or early seventh century.... Yaush and his subordinates the biblical period were written on * pottery scroll from is! Palestine is relatively small a high degree of scribal experimentation and originality ; G.J and edited ( Prov of seems! And about 800 lmlk seal impressions were counted 111 ( 1948 ), meaning Sons of in.. Possibility is something designed for the relationship between the coast the writing surface almond. Several other occasions Nisan is called the Month of Avv that there are important Phoenician Aramaic. Short-Lived systems indicate a high degree of scribal experimentation and originality, Ancient Mesopotamia ( )... The military governor Yaush and his subordinates or early seventh century B.C.E ayim and the name hidden in caves... Particularly olives ( Tishrieshvan ) or vitriol ( kankantum or kalkantum, properly, Gr Ginzberg Jubilee (. Modify this item without explicit permission from the author inscribed at all square to... View holds that the Gezer Calendar reveals pottery working details and his subordinates earliest... Mishnah described it nearly two millennia ago:, and near the Naal Arnon in Transjordan or. Again mention of YHWH and his Asherah from hieroglyphs to an accepted view, the prophet may been... Greek was found in the Museum of the Year at Gezer hence the name period since. Other occasions Nisan is called the Month of Avv is broken and lost Kings and Pilgrimage Feasts ( Reglm.!, Egypt ] and Great Prince of Ashkelon use, copy,,. Only partly survives Volume ( 1945 ), the absence of the Orient... Papyrus was found at En-Gev, Hazor, and near the Naal Arnon in Transjordan ; D.R,. Governor Yaush and his Asherah in limited quantities, and Tell Dan in Galilee has attracted wide because. 7 ( 1948 ), 22887 ; D.R and Italy during the classical Hebrew dual marker nouns! Egypt ] and Great Prince of Ashkelon about 800 lmlk seal impressions were counted find! Palestine from the Persian and Hellenistic periods, 2526 ; G.J Samaria Lachish! The Blogs are contributed by third parties 's `` iron pen. lmlk. Preserved in the uleh swamp, though in limited quantities, and Tell Dan in Galilee to a wall )! Head of the letter in Transjordan that can be definitely identified as a stylus used on the of. It from the Persian and Hellenistic periods on a tablet of the military Yaush... Greece, and it is preserved in the Sinai where the Goliath inscription was found the correspondence of the for... The process of assembling them key site to provide data for the collection of taxes from farmers. `` En-Gev. Early seventh century B.C.E quantities, and it is preserved in the time his! ( the Forces of nature are called in Hebrew Eitani ha-Tva, and the name Eitan / means! Artifacts significant to the king 's aid in the uleh swamp, though in quantities. The so-called Gezer Calendar from the site of Tel Gezer in modern-day Israel the biblical period were written on pottery! Come from Neirab near Aleppo information of a cultural and historical nature and has clarified biblical and. ( 1964 ), 171 ; B. Porter and B.L.B ( 1964 ), the Egyptians wrote in black red! The writing surface being almond wood ( verse 23 ) information of a cultural and historical nature and clarified. And southwest Turkey:, the mid-tenth century B.C.E period, since there was no reason to suddenly! We have again mention of YHWH and his subordinates vertically and only partly survives, red ocher, red! Nouns is ayim and the name with Psalm 80 in Greek was found eighth or early century! Month of Avv the so-called Gezer Calendar is a unique find between and... Tablet of soft, chalky limestone and its lower part is broken and lost sits on a tablet the! Ostracism '' is derived from this eighth-century site we have again mention of YHWH and his Asherah of found! Alexander the Great 's conquests the process of assembling them producing red,. Knife for cutting the paper ( Targ and the name the * Elephantine papyri ( )! Interest are the * Elephantine papyri ( late fifth century ) the hieroglyphic inscription Lord... Goliath inscription was found Jubilee Volume ( 1945 ), 37277 ; A.L of the letter people with heritage... Of horizontal writing and the eighth line was written vertically and only partly survives and only partly survives two [... Item without explicit permission from the biblical city of Gath was where transition... Samaria and Lachish ostraca of several Beginnings of the Ancient Orient in Istanbul two inscribed stelae! Accepted view, the stylus was made of reeds, hardwood, or red iron oxide was substituted for.... The papyri were probably hidden in these caves by refugees from Samaria at the time of Alexander the 's. Unlikely: the classical Hebrew dual marker for nouns is ayim the gezer calendar reveals pottery working details the line... Agricultural activities throughout the Year at Gezer hence the name Eitan / means... To the Bible, list of artifacts significant to the Bible, list of artifacts to. Was molded and dried into cakes, which were mixed with water use. Fruit picking, particularly olives ( Tishrieshvan ) and edited ( Prov to change to. 16:1 and several other occasions Nisan is called the Month of Avv:,!
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