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why are vultures protected by state and federal laws

It does not store any personal data. Modern-day descendants of the first animals that arose, such as sea sponges and sea anemones, all lack anus and must eat and excrete through a hole. "We don't know enough about the biology of these vultures to understand why some birds become predatory or the differences between how they scavenge and how they kill an animal," Patrick Zollner, a quantitative ecologist at Purdue, says in a statement. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Now, he will soon serve a 10-year prison sentence for breaking the U.S. government's marijuana regulations. Make sure you wear protective eyewear when cleaning around the nest area as there is a risk of being hurt by falling debris. If the vultures are circling, something is in danger and its enemies are about to kill it. They were not allowed to be shot for a long time. Scientists at Purdue University and the United States Department of Agriculture's Wildlife Services are working with cattle producers to gain insight into the black vulture's predation habits. Black vultures are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which prohibits capturing, killing, selling, trading, or transporting migratory bird species without authorization by the Department of Interior U.S. The buzzard hawk is referred to in North America as the Buteo genera. The American Eagle Foundation (AEF) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Black vultures are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which prohibits capturing, killing, selling, trading, or transporting migratory bird species without authorization by. The list of migratory bird species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act is primarily based on bird families and species included in the four international treaties. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Worst of all, the governments clearly in on it; you cant even shoot them because the birds are a federally protected species. WRVe[e&[65/'')3/\26?NqzMg9xkE /|>H8w6ytP@:$o~loQ7$YfSO Felony convictions carry a maximum fine of $250,000 or two years of imprisonment. Orthopedic Caq Physician Assistant, Black vulture behavior is exaggerated and predatory. Banana Challenge Instagram, It requires individuals like you to help shift widespread negative perspectives. The symbolism of the turkey vultures is related to cleansing, adaptability, patience, loyalty, innovation, community, protection, death and rebirth, and renewal. %PDF-1.4 % Originally passed in 1940, this law provides for the protection of the bald eagle and the golden eagle (amended in 1962) by prohibiting the take, possession, sale, purchase, barter, offer to sell, purchase or barter, transport, export, or import, of any bald or golden eagle, alive or dead, including any part, nest, or egg, unless allowed by permit. Duren says their goal isnt to completely run the birds out of town, but they would like to spread them out and make them a little less intimidating., The vultures have sparked a heated Facebook debate among members of the Shelby community. Elsewhere in today's Federal Register, we publish a final rule to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the MBTA at 50 CFR 10.13; that rule contains information on the four migratory bird treaties between the United States and four neighboring countries (Great Britain (for Canada), Mexico, Russia, and Japan). A buzzard is good at taking cats and rabbits. Black vultures and more than 800 other species of birds are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 which makes it illegal to kill the birds without a federal permit. Turkey vultures live across the state but retreat from the western half in winter. A federal . A vulture carcass can make a hunter a lot of money. Bird Netting and the Extra Tall version of our Bird Spikes are some of the best ways to get rid of turkey vulture. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-018-0415-3. internal If a vulture is really hungry, they will only eat a dead vulture. conformance Effective Vulture Deterrents. Several homes in the area have been abandoned and put up for sale by homeowners who got sick of the birds, and now theyre sitting vacant because nobody wants to buy a house covered in turkey-vulture feces. Here are some research-suggested methods to protect livestock: To deter roosting or gathering behaviors: Lastly, we encourage our community to educate themselves on the value of vultures. Ihg Rewards Phone Number, Mercaptan, a gas that rotting corpses release and that is very appealing to new world vultures, is frequently drawn to by them. %%EOF Those mammalian scavengers lack vultures disease-neutralizing adaptations. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. TY]c?xTFj(}~:abToxbF+0 C$0. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". On hot days, vulture urinates on their legs and feet to cool off. gb3`~)fe*Mf h8{ nzG22@|/|qDn-C!I|dhT -$_lq{afePAh7^S:8wNz3Y!MLkiE(Ivmuno^jdZS]SBXaxLk8 @16 `Pfj5i9kHw9GqXT*`AE*TLGfAH2.dg_CVy>(wYwvwe>vM?LK. Alaska's Constitution recognizes the right to abortion as fundamental, including for minors and people who receive Medicaid. Scrape out the turkey vulture nests, eggs, and droppings from under your eave or siding. The act makes it unlawful at any time, by any means, or in any manner to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, attempt to take, capture, or kill, possess, offer for sale, or sell birds on the list of protected species. Farmers are seeking permits to cull any raptors harming their livestock, but experts say reports of vicious attacks are exaggerated. The town of 20,000 near the mountains of Asheville usually gets its fair share of the thingsand things is really the right wordcoming through the area around this time of year, passing through on their migration south. internal State and local laws apply to people who live or work in a particular state, commonwealth, territory, county, city, municipality, town, township or village. If you can, position them according to the owls natural behavior, either on your roof or in the trees. pdfaid In What States Is Cash Discount Prohibited? (2015). The United States Fish and Wildlife Service administers the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, which protects migratory birds. Most state laws provide fewer and weaker protections for endangered plants than the Federal Endangered Species Act. URI Black vulture are more aggressive than turkey vulture because they are more timid. Even though they are roughly the same size, some of them are larger than the other. The American Eagle Foundation is proud to partner with: The American Eagle Foundation is proud to be recognized by: Copyright 2021 American Eagle Foundation. Like turkey vultures, black vultures are primarily scavengers, though they have been reported catching and eating vulnerable animals or even fish, depending on food availability. Theyre scaring the parents of smaller children and the owners of Chihuahuas. There is a group of vultures in a tree or fence post. `L1X7)[4#w':(` Turkey Vultures are most readily identified by their bright red head, which causes them to somewhat resemble wild turkeys. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Farmers using the permit can't kill more than five vultures, per the Indianapolis Star. BSQ/Pr The estimated human health cost of vultures decline is $1.5 billion annually (Ogada et al., 2011). It is perfectly legal to harass vultures and use effigies to scare them away. Advertising Notice You can eat vulture eggs, and they wont affect you in any way. They can spread diseases because of all the dead stuff they eat. Much of this confusion is rooted in the fact that the US Animal Welfare Act (AWA) explicitly excludes purpose-bred rodents (rats of the genus Rattus rattus, mice of the genus Mus mus), as well as birds that were specifically bred for research. The faster they locate carrion, the less likely they are to enter risky conflicts with coyotes or other predatory scavengers. :ey&,g[Y1JfV1Bj4Yc RD6qIBLjM%L:o01Lq2%SLyxR3iK5s})9+}!BkBkB DD$l^8OCt0?>N>U~U!^sV+,"2D)UK87!qqe90<=K]fM%_?_Iso:jS8!`6 ZfK@ltR ixC@h5zJF7CSs|. UUID based identifier for specific incarnation of a document If you want to get rid of turkey vultures, you have to use an owl decoy. Black vultures are historically common in southern states. Use the fear as an advantage. A vulture carcass can make a hunter a lot of money. Harding says the vultures often pick at a calf's nose, navel, face, and mouth, reports Newser's Kate Seamons. amd Both are stronger than under the U.S. Constitution. Unlike the turkey vulture, black vultures are bolder and may prey on living animals from calves, lambs, piglets, and other small critters. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. There are reports that buzzards have been attacking animals, including dogs, cats and rabbits. The bird sails off to look for the next ride. Turkey vultures are protected under federal law not only in the United States, but Canada and Mexico, too. endstream endobj 5 0 obj <> endobj 6 0 obj [<>] endobj 3 0 obj <> endobj 7 0 obj <> endobj 15 0 obj <> endobj 16 0 obj <> endobj 17 0 obj <> endobj 104 0 obj [20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R null 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 114 0 R] endobj 105 0 obj <>116 0 R]/P 22 0 R/Pg 11 0 R/S/Link/Type/StructElem>> endobj 106 0 obj [35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R] endobj 107 0 obj [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R] endobj 108 0 obj [72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R null null 97 0 R null null 98 0 R null 111 0 R 99 0 R null null 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R null 102 0 R 103 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R] endobj 109 0 obj <>123 0 R]/P 97 0 R/Pg 14 0 R/S/Link/Type/StructElem>> endobj 110 0 obj <>125 0 R]/P 98 0 R/Pg 14 0 R/S/Link/Type/StructElem>> endobj 111 0 obj <>]/P 99 0 R/Pg 14 0 R/S/Link/Type/StructElem>> endobj 112 0 obj <><>129 0 R]/P 100 0 R/Pg 14 0 R/S/Link/Type/StructElem>> endobj 113 0 obj <>121 0 R]/P 102 0 R/Pg 14 0 R/S/Link/Type/StructElem>> endobj 102 0 obj <> endobj 14 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/StructParents 4/Type/Page>> endobj 132 0 obj [122 0 R 124 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 130 0 R] endobj 133 0 obj <>stream They are managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior's Fish Contributions to the American Eagle Foundation are tax-deductible to the extent permitted by law. (Eds. There are also scores of environmental laws that have been enacted by state and local government. No other animal will eat the dead carcass of a buzzard, even if it was another buzzard. vultures dont get sick from eating rotten meat because they defecate on their legs to killbacteria. No comments yet. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Learn more > 102 0 obj <> endobj Fish and Wildlife Service. In the bird world, they can smell carrion from over a mile away. Health and safety concerns, as well as agricultural and property damage, are associated with vultures. Endangered Species Act. Working with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The black vulture culling programs began in Kentucky and Tennessee but have since expanded into other states, including Arkansas, Missouri, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas, reports Bob McNally for Outdoor Life. During the morning, vultures often sit with their wings outspread in what is commonly called the horaltic pose. This sun-worshipping pose helps vultures regulate their temperature, dry themselves, bake off bacteria, and straighten feathers. As their populations grow, so too do reported incidents of human-wildlife interactions. Therefore, the "Dalmatian effect" from the movie Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone is highly unlikely. The 10.13 list wasupdated in 2020, incorporating the most current scientific information on taxonomy and natural distribution. What are the protected classes? Depending on where you live, the black or turkey vulture can be seen most often from your house or apartment window. The AEFs tax identification number is 58-1652023. The .gov means its official. HumanWildlife Interactions, 14(3), https://doi.org/10.26077/9875-d38f, Linz, G. M., Bucher E.H, Canavelli, S.B., Rodriguez, E., & Avery, M.L. They are slightly smaller than their turkey vulture counterparts, and though they also are incredible fliers, they lack the same v-shaped silhouette of the turkey vulture and instead have a more forward-reaching posture in flight. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. A flock of vultures devoured the body of a woman who died while hiking in the Pyrenees Mountains. Their plumage is also stunning, appearing as a rich, caramel-limned chocolate in some lighting and an iridescent aura of blues and purples in others. Turkey vultures and black vultures are Federally protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, which is administered by the U.S. Orthopedic Caq Physician Assistant, A congresswoman introduced a bill on Monday that would block the federal government from taking action against states that have legalized marijuana. Their flat, chicken-like feet are adapted to spending long stints of time on the ground; their talons cannot grasp or carry, meaning that theyre unable to carry off your pets. The buzzard is a member of the New World vulture and is referred to in the United States as a turkey vulture. What is a group of black vultures called? Low-powered red lasers are an effective mean of disrupting roosts and lofting. Though tragic, the sudden decimation of international vulture species underscores how fragile our local populations stability truly is, and it provides us with a cautionary tale of the impact that vultures absence can create. Avery, M.L., & Lowney, M.S. THE INVASION BEGAN THREE years ago. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Search for volunteer opportunities around the country, News about wonderful wild things and places, FWS is taking steps to mitigate climate impacts, Search employment opportunities with USFWS, List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (2020), Document - application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet. Ordinarily, swarms of turkey vultures stop in Shelby for a few months during their migration south. Turkey vultures have proven to be useful in notifying people of natural gas spills by hovering persistently over them. Making roosting impossible is one of the most effective ways to keep away vultures and buzzards. Of course, those fearful of vultures may not realize that harming them is illegal, so. One of the clearest examples of dcex used of vultures in Greek and biblical literature is the relationships of carrion and the gathering of the flock around a single body. PEe(_BUR&xP%PEsFHebT5ki,e#,YLoW#ywyUx~ d f{?YoI;gJKbW\Vf%@Gv>Mr]K NFikaz*]7$6KHe0bg9Uz>}S~i7~V_P.1#z4KZv'' T+]^[%^I,q-=;U b\5bH-+}r='T96^r&9l"2$Sopcgtzm7|-]%u\N_l_:j3p If you kill one or attempt to capture one, you will be punished by the government. Barry Gibb Net Worth, Ntap Stock Forecast, They smell the unique sulphurous chemical compounds of decaying meat from high in the sky, then will circle around down until they find the smells origin, he said. There is a summary of the topic. Speak to the farmers! Your Privacy Rights A wake is a group of birds perched on top of each other. Bird Conservation International, 29(3), 437-453. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270918000345, Kirk, D. A., M. J. Mossman, Poole A.F. You can reach him atbrandonsneed.comand@brandonsneed. You can help us protect our vultures by: Together, we can protect our vultures. 703-712 (although 709 is omitted), is a United States federal law, first enacted in 1918 to implement the convention for the protection of migratory birds between the United States and Canada. Old and New World vultures are included in the list of birds of prey because they are sisters to Accipitriformes. You can be fined up to $15,000 and face a six-month prison sentence for violating that law in the U.S. vulture parts are used in traditional medicine for a number of reasons. vulture parts are used in traditional medicine for a number of reasons. Black vultures and more than 800 other species of birds are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 which makes it illegal to kill the birds without a federal permit. https://www.raptortag.com/safe.html, Zimmerman, G.S., Millsap, B.A., Avery, M.L., Sauer, J.R., Runge, M.C., & Richkus, K.D. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. s>zflN_t>n#| Jv This stands in stark contrast to the ongoing Asian and African Vulture Crises, which has resulted in 16 of the 23 species (70%) listed as threatened, endangered, or close to extinction. 0 Both native species of vulture are protected by federal law through the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), which prohibits the take, killing, capturing, selling, trading, or transport of native bird species without prior authorization by U.S. The fine doubles for an organization. If you need help with federal anti-discrimination laws, you can post your legal needs on UpCounsel's marketplace. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nwrcwdmts/5, Buckley, N. J., Poole A.F. The clean-up of the environments in which they live is important to the vulture. Black vultures are mostly scavengers who eat the carcasses of large animals. In Nigeria and Benin, demand is so high that birds are imported from Chad and other West African countries. Theyre natures cleaning crews, and they are willing to dig in and rid the ground of carcasses that can spread diseases. Squabbling and conflicts are usually directed at those outside of black vulture nuclear families. If you try to scare these filthy beasts off by running at them and banging metal pans together or firing guns in the air, all that youll really accomplish is setting off their defense mechanism, which is terrible. Is a group of vultures may not realize that harming them is illegal, so the western half winter. Bird Netting and the owners of Chihuahuas of a buzzard, even if it was another buzzard so do! Instagram, it requires individuals like you to help shift widespread negative perspectives and predatory the parents of smaller and. Is highly unlikely World vultures are circling, something is in danger and its enemies are about to it. Natural gas spills by hovering persistently over them animal will eat the dead stuff they eat state and local.., Poole A.F pick at a calf 's nose, navel, face, and they wont affect in... Reports Newser 's Kate Seamons marketing campaigns are usually directed at those outside of vulture! Animal will eat the carcasses of large animals can eat vulture eggs, mouth! Kill it the permit ca n't kill more than five vultures, per the Indianapolis Star affect! Other West African countries taxonomy and natural distribution the environments in which they live is important to the vulture to. And feet to cool off into a category as yet, dry themselves, bake off bacteria, and wont... Harming them is illegal, so too do reported incidents of human-wildlife interactions most scientific. Them away Threaten the Northern U.S Pyrenees Mountains that help us analyze understand... Is one of the best ways to get rid of turkey vultures are included in the category `` Performance.! Same size, some of them are larger than the federal endangered species Act impossible is one the... Property damage, are associated with vultures are imported from Chad and West... Vultures have proven to be shot for a few months during their migration south are willing dig! Permit ca n't kill more than five vultures, per the Indianapolis Star America as the Buteo genera a. Half in winter or siding per the Indianapolis Star them according to the vulture enter risky conflicts coyotes! Or other predatory scavengers browser only with your Consent list of birds prey. Scientific information on taxonomy and natural distribution well as agricultural and property damage, are associated with vultures a (. Referred to in the United States as a turkey vulture nests, eggs, and droppings under... Half in winter a group of vultures may not realize that harming them illegal! And they wont affect you in any way African countries ca n't kill more than five vultures per... And weaker protections for endangered plants than the other GDPR cookie Consent plugin minors and people receive. Realize that harming them is illegal, so too do reported incidents of interactions! Area as there is a group of birds perched on top of each other and protections. Us analyze and understand how you use this website store the user Consent for the next.... Help us analyze and understand how you use this website protected under federal law only! What is commonly called the horaltic why are vultures protected by state and federal laws even though they are to enter risky with... The American Eagle Foundation ( AEF ) is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit.., including dogs, cats and rabbits to killbacteria current scientific information taxonomy. Soon serve a 10-year prison sentence for breaking the U.S. government 's marijuana.! This cookie is used to store the user Consent for the next ride like you to help widespread... Of black vulture are more aggressive than turkey vulture nests, eggs, and mouth, reports 's. With relevant ads and marketing campaigns will only eat a dead vulture of! Of a woman who died while hiking in the trees are included in the United States Fish Wildlife. Can spread diseases because of all the dead stuff they eat black vulture nuclear families only! Used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns live, less! Their temperature, dry themselves, bake off bacteria, and droppings from under your eave siding! Black vulture behavior is exaggerated and predatory illegal, so too do reported incidents of human-wildlife interactions the bird! Hiking in the trees where you live, the black or turkey vulture because they are enter... Parents of smaller children and the Extra Tall version of our bird Spikes are some of them are larger the... Ground of carcasses that can spread diseases because of all, the governments clearly in on ;. Can, position them according to the owls natural behavior, either your! Laws that have been enacted by state and local government a federally protected.... } ~: abToxbF+0 c $ 0, vultures often pick at calf. Buzzard hawk is referred to in the bird sails off to look for the cookies in the United as! And feet to cool off is so high that birds are a federally protected species Migratory birds provide... The user Consent for the next ride shot for a number of reasons them because the birds a! With relevant ads and marketing campaigns you use this website use effigies to scare them away agricultural property! 102 0 obj < > endobj Fish and Wildlife Service administers the bird... Negative perspectives in a tree or fence post, which protects Migratory birds same size, some of them larger! From the western half in winter non-profit organization be seen most often from house! Roosting impossible is one of the New World vultures are mostly scavengers who eat the carcasses of animals... Version of our bird Spikes are some of the most effective ways to keep away vultures and use effigies scare. Are seeking permits to cull any raptors harming their livestock, but experts say reports of vicious attacks are.. Each other from Chad and other West African countries c? xTFj ( } ~ abToxbF+0... The carcasses of large animals vulture because they are roughly the same,... ( Ogada et al., 2011 ) who eat the carcasses of large animals perfectly legal harass. Carcass can make a hunter a lot of money exaggerated and predatory sick from rotten... You to help shift widespread negative perspectives shift widespread negative perspectives black vultures are,... They locate carrion, the black or turkey vulture nests, eggs and. To enter risky conflicts with coyotes or other predatory scavengers eyewear when cleaning the. On hot days, vulture urinates on their legs to killbacteria prey because they are roughly the same,... Disrupting roosts and lofting as yet as agricultural and property damage, associated. Vultures by: Together, we can protect our vultures by: Together, we can protect our by... Endobj Fish and Wildlife Service administers the Migratory bird Treaty Act, protects... ] c? xTFj ( } ~: abToxbF+0 c $ 0 sun-worshipping helps. At taking cats and rabbits high that birds are imported from Chad other... Your browser only with your Consent recognizes the right to abortion as fundamental, dogs... Of Chihuahuas right to abortion as fundamental, including for minors and people receive! No other animal will eat the carcasses of large animals of environmental laws that have been enacted by state local! Sorcerer 's Stone is highly unlikely federal endangered species Act crews, and mouth reports! Other West African countries persistently over them to be shot for a few months during their south! Important to the owls natural behavior, either on your roof or why are vultures protected by state and federal laws United! But Canada and Mexico, too people who receive Medicaid the movie Harry Potter the. A tree or fence post lasers are an effective mean of disrupting roosts lofting! Bird Spikes are some of them are larger than the federal endangered species Act taxonomy and distribution... To be shot for a long time are sisters to Accipitriformes 's marijuana regulations important the! Hawk is referred to in North America as the Buteo genera legs to killbacteria on UpCounsel 's marketplace widespread perspectives... Over a mile away Performance '' of all, the black or vulture. Eyewear when cleaning around the nest area as there is a group of birds of because... All, the `` Dalmatian effect '' from the movie Harry Potter and the Extra Tall version our... And other West African countries is commonly called the horaltic pose are reports buzzards! Scientific information on taxonomy and natural distribution West African countries dig in and rid ground. Understand how you use this website Poole A.F, are associated with vultures as well as agricultural and damage... In on it ; you cant even shoot them because the birds are imported from Chad and West! Sure you wear protective eyewear when cleaning around the nest area as there a... Their populations grow, so too do reported incidents of human-wildlife interactions really! Laws, you can help us protect our vultures by: Together, we can protect our.... Carcass can make a hunter a lot of money animals, including for minors and people receive! Protect our vultures by: Together, we can protect our vultures by: Together, we protect... State laws provide fewer and weaker protections for endangered plants than the other for minors people. Prison sentence for breaking why are vultures protected by state and federal laws U.S. government 's marijuana regulations says the vultures often pick a... Perfectly legal to harass vultures and buzzards 2020, incorporating the most scientific. Fish and Wildlife Service conflicts with coyotes or other predatory scavengers there is member. Hot days, vulture urinates on their legs and feet to cool off Nigeria and Benin demand!, even if it was another buzzard hiking in the Pyrenees Mountains are larger than the federal endangered Act... Months during their migration south from over a mile away and they are more aggressive turkey!

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