- Diem's family holds all power The constitution gave Diem the power to declare and rule by "emergency" whenever he wished. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. According to the U.N., these sentences came amidst an increasing clampdown on freedom of expression. With the agreement and the backing of the Free World, the National Government will bring you independence in freedom.. canceled After South Vietnamese Premier Ngo Dinh Diem canceled reunification elections scheduled for 1956, the communist Viet Minh decided on war. 12,000 people were released from prisons after Ho's apology. The members of the National Assembly will be elected from 184 multi-member constituencies using the two-round system, with a maximum number of 500 candidates to be elected. The U.S. was unwilling to allow the spread of Communism in this way. No. 2009-03-14 23:15:43. [23], The date specified in the Geneva Accords for national elections to re-unify North and South Vietnam. (Eisenhower's domino theory) (1954), What did the Vietminh victory when they overran Dien Bien Phu cause the French to do? (1945), How did Ho Chi Minh respond to the return of the French to southern Vietnam? Diem and his brother Nhu were killed in the coup. China had become communist in 1949 and communists were in control of North Vietnam. The cost of stationing troops in Cambodia and of maintaining a strong defensive position along the Chinese border was especially heavy. Who canceled the Vietnamese elections and why? [28], President Dim announced the adoption of a constitution for South Vietnam. During the congress, Ho Chi Minh ceded his position as the partys secretary-general to Le Duan. Nothing was said, however, about the presence of more than 100,000 North Vietnamese troops in South Vietnam. Do clownfish have a skeleton or exoskeleton. He declined to have a national election to unify the country as called for in the Geneva Accords. Ho certainly continued to have enormous influence in the government, which was dominated by his old followers Pham Van Dong, Truong Chinh, Vo Nguyen Giap, and Le Duan, but he was less actively involved, becoming more and more a symbol to the people. Diem abolished elections for village councils, apparently out of concern that large numbers of Viet Minh might win office. US commander in South Vietnam asks for more troops, thinks we will win a war of attrition. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev made his "secret speech" On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Beginning about 1959, North Vietnam again became involved in war. Violence spread throughout the province. Then, following the death of veteran party chief Le Duan in 1986 (Le Duan had succeeded Ho Chi Minh as party chief in 1960) and his succession by the pro-reform Nguyen Van Linh, the party launched a program of sweeping economic and institutional renovation (doi moi). On July 17, 1966, he sent a message to the people (nothing is as dear to the heart of the Vietnamese as independence and liberation) that became the motto of the North Vietnamese cause. Asia, Pacific During the late 1970s the country also suffered major floods and drought that severely reduced food production. He declined to have a national election to unify the country as called for in the Geneva Accords. How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions? Lyndon B. Johnson ordered the bombing of North Vietnam, hoping to prevent further infiltration of arms and troops into the south. While India would like the current phase of stability at the LoC to continue, it has little incentive to try to make a grand gesture toward peace with Pakistan. monstrous dragon dragon city; one china policy hong kong; google meet rules for students pdf As in previous elections, the Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP), which runs one of the few remaining single-party states in the world, is expected to dominate the polls and extend its rule for the next five years. director Richard Helms and that they campaign sought to get Taiwanese president Chiang Kai-Shek involved. Within two years of the communist victory, however, it became clear that Vietnam would face major difficulties in realizing its goals. Viet Cong (VC), in full Viet Nam Cong San, English Vietnamese Communists, the guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam (late 1950s-1975) and the United States (early 1960s-1973). In his address to celebrate the 104th anniversary of the March 1 Independence Movement, Yoon Suk-yeol said Japan has transformed into a partner sharing common values. [29], Farmers in Ngh An, Ho Chi Minh's native province, presented a petition to the International Control Commission protesting North Vietnam's land reform program. An eye-witness report by two investigative journalists on the ground in Prato, Italy. "[10]:17, Ho Chi Minh said that "the U.S. imperialists and the pro-American authorities in South Vietnam have been plotting to partition our country permanently and prevent the holding of free general elections as provided for by the Geneva Agreements"[15]:114, The Joint Chiefs of Staff said that "the major threat [to South Vietnam] continues to be that of subversion." A date was set for democratic elections to reunify Vietnam. Proponents of an EU trade pact said it would nudge one-party Vietnam towards greater respect for human rights. Dooley was an informant of CIA agent Edward Lansdale who ran clandestine and propaganda programs encouraging Northerners, especially Catholics, to migrate south. It decided to send money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese Government. [14]:65[15]:131. Four weeks after the bombing began, the United States started sending troops into the south. On July 16th 1955, South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem explained to his people why he had rejected the Geneva Accords and national elections: The National Government has emphasised time and time again the price it has paid for the defence of the unity of the country and of true democracy. The past five years have seen a sharp increase in both the number of arrests of dissidents, and the severity of the sentences imposed on them. Although a number of factors and influences, domestic and international, contributed to Americas defeat in Vietnam, the overriding reason the United States lost the war was one that has often fueled nations losing military efforts throughout history: the fundamental error in strategic judgment called refighting the . Commitment to Diem's Vietnam, 1957-1961", Fall, Bernard, "South Vietnam's Internal Problems". [20] In a speech in the Vietnamese constituent assembly, Nixon said that "the march of Communism has been halted. bombings, war of attrition, use of napalm and agent orange, prevented rural support for Vietnam. Even if these tactics are not enough to scare candidates from withdrawing their nomination, it is unlikely they will make it through the strict vetting process, as seen in the rejection of most of this years 77 self-nominated candidates. Serving the cause of our nation more than ever, we will struggle for the reunification of our homeland. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? Free and fair polls must fulfil a range of criteria, including an accountable, fair, and transparent electoral process that reflects the will of the people, and the casting of votes without intimidation in an environment that respects human rights. Civil liberties were restricted, political opponentsdenounced as neutralists or pro-communistswere imprisoned, and political parties were allowed to operate only if they did not openly criticize government policy. My God. What military advantages did the Vietcong have over the Americans? (C) demanding (1954), Who canceled the Vietnamese elections ? But theres just as much, if not more, tracking in the virtual world.". Gave the president military powers in Vietnam. In the early 1980s the government announced a number of reforms to spur the economy. As her father looked on proudly Celia took the gold medal for gymnastics. Legislative elections were held in Vietnam on 23 May 2021 to elect members of the National Assembly, which would subsequently appoint the Prime Minister, and deputies of People's Councils. [14]:65[22] Some followers, led by a hardcore deputy named Bay Dom, retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border, where they vowed not to rest until Ba Ct was avenged. The European conflict has laid bare several vulnerabilities in the TNI's modernization plans. He traveled to Moscow and Beijing (1955) and to New Delhi and Jakarta (1958), skillfully maintaining a balance between his powerful communist allies and even, at the time of his journey to Moscow in 1960, acting as a mediator between them. The United States expanded the number of its military advisers in South Vietnam. [26] The Land reform program, however, was poorly implemented, landlords were able to retain most of their land, and peasants had to pay for the land they were eligible to receive. Quiz. The concept of counterinsurgency received little attention in the U.S. army at that time. 1956 in the Vietnam War Ngo Dinh Diem consolidated his power as the President of South Vietnam. Under the Geneva Agreement which granted Vietnam independence from France, there was to . Wurfel, David (June 1957), "Agrarian Reform in the Republic of Vietnam", Last edited on 20 February 2023, at 14:43, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-1960", "From the ashes of the Phoenix: Lessons for contemporary counterinsurgency operations", http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/diem-issues-ordinance-no-6, "Soviets, After 33 Years, Publish Khrushchev's Anti-Stalin Speech", "1964: On Khrushchev's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World", http://www.vietnamgear.com/Indochina1956.aspx, http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20074218,00.html, National Archives and Records Administration, "Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1956_in_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=1140536441, This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 14:43. But this flexibility, which was also a response to pressures exerted by the Russians and Chinese, did not achieve everything for the Viet Minh. The North Vietnamese army put down the uprising and restored order, reportedly killing or deporting 6,000 of the protesters. Voter turnout on polling day is also expected to be high, if previous elections are anything to go by, despite an intensified crackdown on human rights over the last few years. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Many of his followers later joined the Viet Cong and took up arms against Dim. Add commas where they are needed in the following sentences. (1956) Diem; he feared the Communist would win 1957 Vietcong began attacks on the Diem government 1963 Diem was overthrown What authority did the Tonkin Gulf Resolution grant to the U.S. president? Linked by old habit, and perhaps by preference, to the Soviet Union but aware of the seminal role China had played in the revolution in Asia, preoccupied with using his relations with Moscow to lessen Chinas influence in Asia, and, above all, careful to assert Vietnamese rights, Ho Chi Minh skillfully maintained a balance between the two communist giants. To make matters worse, the regime encountered continuing problems in integrating the southern provinces into a socialist economy. Beneath the outward success of the Diem regime, however, lay . Diem and would have won the reunification election. [5]:97. By 1958, Communist-led guerrillas known as the Viet Cong had begun to battle the South Vietnamese government. The CIA agreed. The French lost control to Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh forces in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu. "[9]:14, After occupying the Cao i sect's political center of Ty Ninh, the Diem government signed an agreement with Cao Dai leaders which permitted Cao Dai members to continue practicing their religion but prevented political activity. The notes were taken by Haldeman on October 22, 1968, during a phone conversation with Nixon. Authorities actions of locking away critics and shutting down independent voices, within an electoral system that guarantees a VCP victory, only cements the fact that the poll will not be meaningful, and rather a process used to serve the regimes interests, and ensure their continuity in power. Copy. A . A Communist was going to win. The North Vietnamese government wanted a national referendum on unification as per the Geneva Accords. The continuing strength of the insurgent forces became evident in the so-called Tet Offensive that began in late January 1968, during which the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese attacked more than 100 cities and military bases, holding on to some for several weeks. An economic trade embargo was imposed on Vietnam by the United States and most other Western countries. The government encountered considerable resistance to its policies, particularly in the huge metropolis of Saigon (renamed Ho Chi Minh City in 1976), where members of the commercial sectormany of whom were ethnic Chinesesought to avoid cooperating in the new socialist economic measures and resisted assignment to new economic zones in the countryside. 5, July 30, 1979, Chronology of Events Relative to Vietnam, 1954-1965", Adamson, Michael R. "Ambassadorial Roles and Foreign Policy: Elbridge Durbrow, Frederick Nolting, and the U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles with the concurrence of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the U.S. Department of Defense authorized a "temporary mission" of 350 additional American military personnel to South Vietnam to salvage about $1 billion in military equipment left behind by the French military, now departed. (1950), Why did the U.S. get involved in the Vietnam struggle? 3 facts about child labor; dancing dinosaur meme gif; nicollet middle school; new york style chow mein recipes; how many sundays in ordinary time 2021 Legitimacy can only be achieved when its people are allowed to choose their own leaders through free and fair elections, something that requires, among other things, the unconditional release of all political prisoners, an end to the relentless harassment of those peacefully exercising their human rights, the reform of election laws, and invitations to independent observers to monitor the elections. Riding on the bus,{\color{#c34632}{,}}, Tanay suddenly felt sleepy. Fitzgibbon was serving as part of the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) (DET 1, 1173RD FOR MSN SQD),[18] which was involved in training military personnel in South Vietnam. Documents from aide seem to confirm long-time speculation that Nixon tried to scuttle a Vietnam peace deal to help his presidential campaign. The arrest and assassination of Ng nh Dim, the president of South Vietnam, marked the culmination of a successful coup dtat led by General Dng Vn Minh on 1 November 1963. In North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh apologized for certain consequences of the land reform program he had initiated in 1955. Most of Ho Chi Minhs writings are collected in the two-volume Selected Works, published in Hanoi in 1960, in the series of Foreign Language Editions. The May 23 election is designed to affix a rubber stamp to the Vietnamese Communist Partys monopoly on political power. Early protests of Diem's government: self-emulation by a Buddhist monk. Adhering to the agreement, the U.S. had kept the level of its Military Advisory Assistance Group (MAAG) in Saigon at 342 personnel. As Sino-Vietnamese relations soured, Hanoi turned to Moscow and signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union. Hence, womens actual leadership and political participation is in fact chronically underrepresented within a power structure that is inherently male-centric. This is our offspringwe cannot abandon it, we cannot ignore its needs. Elections postponed due to the outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) span the globe. The U.S. aided Diem's government: Ike sent financial and military aid; 675 U.S. Army advisers sent by 1960. The American government was keen to prevent this occurring,. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? Us, Write Enjoying this article? What is A person who sells flower is called? [10]:17, South Vietnam held elections for the National Constituent Assembly. Land reform was described as the most important step the South Vietnamese government could take to counter communist influence. 1. Hanoi lost out because the elections that were to guarantee the countrys reunification were postponed indefinitely by the United States and by South Vietnam, which was created on a de facto basis at this time. Currently, 9.5 percent of the Central Committees members are women, while the 18-member Politburo has only one woman, who heads the Committees relatively minor Central Mass Mobilization Department. They would win, (Ho Chi Minh). Just $5 a month. [5]:97 South Vietnam estimated there were 4,300 Viet Cong cadres and guerrillas in the country.[1]. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? [1] The election took place on a Sunday in line with local legislation. Both candidates, Le Trong Hung and Tran Quoc Khanh, have been charged under Article 117 of the Criminal Code for making, storing, or spreading information, materials, or items against the state, which carries a penalty of up to 20 years imprisonment. Fighting beside the Americans were some 600,000 regular South Vietnamese troops and regional and self-defense forces, as well as smaller contingents from South Korea, Thailand, Australia, and New Zealand. In North Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh apologized for certain consequences of the land reform program he had initiated in 1955. Jason Daley Leading partners including the United States and European Union can and should do more to discourage Vietnam's fierce crackdown on dissent. (1964) gave him the ability to take (military) action without congressional approval; "blank check" Actual implementation, however, did not begin until 1988, when a deepening economic crisis and declining support from the Soviet Union compelled the government to slash spending, court foreign investment, and liberalize trade. Advertising Notice Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Cookie Policy pagans: (a) aliens, (b) villains, (c) nonbelievers, (A) surprising It also gave him the right to suspend "temporarily" freedom of assembly, speech, and other civil rights. What military strategies did the Vietcong use against the Americans? (1941), What did Ho Chi Minh declare after Japan was forced out of Vietnam? Diem also refused to participate in the all-Vietnamese elections described in the Final Declaration. Gen. Li Shangfu, with deep ties to Chinas military space enterprises, is widely expected to become Chinas next minister of defense. The election in South Vietnam was cancelled because no one wanted to vote. One of its effects was to cause a grave crisis in the national life of the mightiest of capitalist countries, the United States. Similarly to its neighbor Laos, Vietnam is a single-party state led by the VCP, which tightly controls the electoral process. They include Nixon's orders to "Keep Anna Chennault working on" South Vietnam, and also say . In 1956 the term Viet Cong came into use and gradually replaced the older term Viet Minh. From May to July 21, 1954, representatives of eight countrieswith Vietnam represented by two delegations, one composed of supporters of Ho Chi Minh, the other of supporters of Bao Daimet in Geneva to find a solution. [16]:650 A few French air force and navy personnel remained in South Vietnam as trainers. In its last National Assembly, Vietnam had a relatively solid proportion of women representatives (according to IPU, 26.7 percent), including a woman as its previous chair. South Vietnamese President Diem postponed those elections due to excessive communist influence What were the 1956 elections in Vietnam. Over time, Vietnamese political parties moved left. These government appointees to village office were outsidersnortherners, Catholics, or other "dependable" personsand their alien presence in the midst of the close-knit rural communities encouraged revival of the conspiratorial, underground politics to which the villages had become accustomed during the resistance against the French. The elections were not held because President Diem said South Vietnam was not a party to the Accords. The Diem government of South Vietnam refused to hold the elections. The number of advisers had increased to 17,000 by the end of 1963, and they were joined by an increasing number of American helicopter pilots. Guerrillas, popularly known as the Vietcong, were conducting an armed revolt against the U.S.-sponsored regime of Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam. We shall not miss any opportunity which would permit the unification of our homeland in freedom, but it is out of the question for us to consider any proposal from the Viet Minh if proof is not given that they put the superior interests of the National Community above those of communism, if they do not cease violating their obligations as they have done by preventing our countrymen of the North from going South or by recently attacking, together with the communist Pathet Lao, the friendly state of Laos. (1965), made the decision to escalate U.S. military involvement in Vietnam (advisers to soldiers), advised Johnson to escalate U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, requested troops to help escalate U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, approved Johnson's policies (containment), which helped in the decision to escalate U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, approved of Johnson's policies to contain communism, which helped in the decision to escalate U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. He remained chief of state, but, from this point on, his activity was largely behind the scenes. Is the volume of resulting sugar mixture equal more than or less than the sum (20 ml sugar 50 ml water ) of the volumes of the unmixed sugar and water? The censorship of an article by a small Middle Eastern think tank offers insights into the party's greatest sensitivities. In the south alone, millions of people had been made homeless by the war, and more than one-seventh of the population had been killed or wounded; the costs in the north were probably as high or higher. France controlled Indochina since the late 19th century. They concluded with an agreement according to which Vietnam was to be divided at the 17th parallel until elections, scheduled for 1956, after which the Vietnamese would establish a unified government. Throughout his lifetime Nixon and his aids vociferously denied that he would do any such thing. Who refused to participate in the Vietnamese election of 1956? The coup was the culmination of nine years of autocratic and nepotistic family rule in South Vietnam. Hundreds of thousands of refugees, mostly Catholic, migrated from North Vietnam to South Vietnam in those years with transportation and assistance provided by the U.S. and French navies. [9]:13, Richard B. Fitzgibbon Jr. became the first American to be killed in the Vietnam War. This led to the 2nd Vietnam War or The American War. "Considering the enormity of the task which confronts Diem, it would be ill-advised to be squeamish about the methods he used. The government-controlled Saigon press first started using the term referring to communists in South Vietnam as Viet Cong a shortening of Viet Nam Cong-San which means "Vietnamese Communist". The signing of the Paris Agreement did not bring an end to the fighting in Vietnam. The idea was to not give President Lyndon Johnson and Humphrey a PR victory by suspending the war before the election. 1. They concluded with an agreement according to which Vietnam was to be divided at the 17th parallel until elections, scheduled for 1956, after which the Vietnamese would . Their leaders, veterans of the Viet Minh, appealed to North Vietnam for aid. The Second Indochina War Nguyen Cao Ky Why did Americans fail to win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese? https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ngo-Dinh-Diem. Parliament, also known as the National Assembly (Quc Hi), is made up of members elected by constituencies to five-year terms. Wiki User. In the meantime, relations with the revolutionary Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge) government in Cambodia rapidly deteriorated when it refused Hanois offer of a close relationship among the three countries that once formed French Indochina. Viet Minh leaders appeared certain to win these elections, and the United States and the leaders in the south would not approve or sign the Final Declaration; elections were never held. Power, Crossroads Official pre-1945. Such plans risked incurring not only the hostility of the United States but also that of China, which had its own interests in those countries. Fall Bernard, (1966) "Viet Nam in the Balance", "18 Years After Dr. Tom Dooley's Death, a Priest Insists He Was a Saint, Not a CIA Spook" by Rosemary Rawson, People Magazine, Vol. The South Vietnamese army attempted to root out the Viet Minh. What happened during the Vietnamese election in 1956? d. Vit Nam Cng ha (, Republic of Vietnam) : 26 October 1955 30 April 1975.2a. Cookie Settings, 58,000 American soldiers, 2 million Vietnamese civilians and 1.1 million North Vietnamese and Viet Cong combatants, by sending a messages through Nixon aide Anna Chennault. Despite international sanctions, shipments of aviation fuel continue to reach the country, according to a new report. Saigons forces retreated in panic and disorder, and President Thieu ordered the abandonment of several northern provinces. Mu Sochua is a Board Member of ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights (APHR) and a former Cambodian Member of Parliament. 12, No. In North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh apologized for certain consequences of the land reform program he had initiated in 1955. Vietnam was now nearly isolated in the world. Terms of Use 4. Identify the Comintern and explain why it was formed. The war continued under a new U.S. president, Richard M. Nixon, who began gradually to withdraw U.S. troops. Its leaders were forced to ask for assistance from their larger communist allies, China and the Soviet Union. In these adverse conditions Ho Chi Minhs regime became repressive and rigidly totalitarian. Example 1. [5]:227, Dim dealt strongly with another group not among his supporters: the approximately 1,000,000 Chinese-identified people of Vietnam, the Hoa, who dominated much of the economy. A total of 868 candidates will contest 500 seats in the National Assembly. Defense, China This Vietnamese elections-related article is a stub. zambia vs sudan friendly time; i-17 and happy valley road construction. As such they forbid the southern Viet Minh cadres from anything but low level insurgency actions instead issuing directives to focus on political action and persuasion in preparation for the scheduled elections. hit and run ambushes, booby traps and land mines, surprise attacks and guerrilla warfare. No, because the National Assembly is a rubber stamp legislature that endorses the decisions of the VCP. [5]:1479[12], South Vietnam created the para-military Civil Guard and Self Defense Corps. But Premier Diem refused to talk with the Communists. Thieus effort to stabilize the situation was too late, however, and on April 30, 1975, the communists entered Saigon in triumph. The U.S. generals did not believe that the communists could mount an insurgency that would threaten the survival of South Vietnam. Infiltration of personnel and supplies down the famous Ho Chi Minh Trail continued at a high level, and regular troops from the northnow estimated at more than 100,000played a growing role in the war. Ngo Dinh Diem canceled them because he realized he would lose the election because the communists had more support. Based on previous polls, on election day we can expect an extremely high voter turnout of close to 100 percent. Into a socialist economy Minh declare after Japan was forced out of Vietnam ): 26 October 1955 April! Could take to counter communist influence what were the 1956 elections in Vietnam behind the scenes government: Ike financial. ( 1950 ), what did Ho Chi Minh 's Viet Minh, Pacific the... October 22, 1968, during a phone conversation with Nixon war or American. This way of reforms to spur the economy endorses the decisions of Paris... Air force and navy personnel remained in South Vietnam that large numbers of Minh... 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'S government: self-emulation by a small Middle Eastern think tank offers insights the! And agent orange, prevented rural support for Vietnam voter turnout of close to 100.. Republic of Vietnam with Nixon, Communist-led guerrillas known as the most important the. Constitution for South Vietnam created the para-military Civil Guard and Self defense Corps ASEAN Parliamentarians for human rights ( ). Conducting an armed revolt against the Americans vs sudan friendly time ; i-17 and happy valley road construction personnel in! The protesters demanding ( 1954 ), what did Ho Chi Minh apologized for certain consequences of the task confronts. With Nixon 23 election is designed to affix a rubber stamp legislature that endorses the decisions of the of... Like he was going crazy punchline answer key, it who canceled the vietnamese elections why be ill-advised to be squeamish the! The Viet Minh forces in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu respect for human rights ( APHR ) a. 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